Annals of Vascular Surgery
Volume 22, Issue 4 , Pages 497-504 , July 2008

Evaluation of Subclinical Cerebral Injury and Neuropsychologic Function in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy

  • Juergen Falkensammer

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • Department of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
    • ,
  • W. Andrew Oldenburg

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: W. Andrew Oldenburg, MD, Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
    • ,
  • Andrea J. Hendrzak

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • ,
  • Beate Neuhauser

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • Department of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
    • ,
  • Otto Pedraza

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • ,
  • Tanis Ferman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • ,
  • Joseph Klocker

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • Department of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
    • ,
  • Matthias Biebl

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • Department of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
    • ,
  • Beate Hugl

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • Department of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
    • ,
  • James F. Meschia

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • ,
  • Albert G. Hakaim

      Affiliations

    • Section of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
    • ,
  • Thomas G. Brott

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL

References 

  1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Carotid endarterectomy for patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. J Neurol Sci. 1995;129:76–77
  2. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421–1428
  3. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet. 1991;337:1235–1243
  4. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445–453
  5. Bossema ER, Brand N, Moll FL, Ackerstaff RG, van Doornen LJ. Does carotid endarterectomy improve cognitive functioning?. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:775–781
  6. Heyer EJ, Sharma R, Rampersad A, et al. A controlled prospective study of neuropsychological dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:217–222
  7. Connolly ES, Winfree CJ, Rampersad A, et al. Serum S100B protein levels are correlated with subclinical neurocognitive declines after carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:1076–1082
  8. Rasmussen LS, Christiansen M, Johnsen J, et al. Subtle brain damage cannot be detected by measuring neuron-specific enolase and S-100beta protein after carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:166–170
  9. Fearn SJ, Hutchinson S, Riding G, et al. Carotid endarterectomy improves cognitive function in patients with exhausted cerebrovascular reserve. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;26:529–536
  10. Lunn S, Crawley F, Harrison MJ, et al. Impact of carotid endarterectomy upon cognitive functioning. A systematic review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1999;9:74–81
  11. Missler U, Wiesmann M, Friedrich C, Kaps M. S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase concentrations in blood as indicators of infarction volume and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:1956–1960
  12. Herrmann M, Curio N, Jost S, et al. Release of biochemical markers of damage to neuronal and glial brain tissue is associated with short and long term neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:95–100
  13. Martens P, Raabe A, Johnsson P. Serum S-100 and neuron-specific enolase for prediction of regaining consciousness after global cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1998;29:2363–2366
  14. Usui A, Kato K, Abe T, et al. S-100ao protein in blood and urine during open-heart surgery. Clin Chem. 1989;35:1942–1944
  15. Anderson RE, Hansson LO, Nilsson O, et al. Increase in serum S100A1-B and S100BB during cardiac surgery arises from extracerebral sources. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1512–1517
  16. Mussack T, Hauser C, Klauss V, et al. Serum S-100B protein levels during and after successful carotid artery stenting or carotid endarterectomy. J Endovasc Ther. 2006;13:39–46
  17. Marangos PJ, Schmechel DE. Neuron specific enolase, a clinically useful marker for neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1987;10:269–295
  18. Neuhauser B, Oldenburg WA. Polyester vs. bovine pericardial patching during carotid endarterectomy: early neurologic events and incidence of restenosis. Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;11:465–470
  19. Goldstein LB, Bertels C, Davis JN. Interrater reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:660–662
  20. Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, et al. Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1994;25:2220–2226
  21. Albanese MA, Clarke WR, Adams HP, et al. Ensuring reliability of outcome measures in multicenter clinical trials of treatments for acute ischemic stroke. The program developed for the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Stroke. 1994;25:1746–1751
  22. Woolson RF, Bulau P, Fuger J, Horn H. Validating rehabilitation after stroke. Nervenarzt. 1994;65:836–840
  23. Wityk RJ, Pessin MS, Kaplan RF, Caplan LR. Serial assessment of acute stroke using the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke. 1994;25:362–365
  24. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for clinicians. J Psychiatry Res. 1975;12:189–198
  25. Grober E, Sliwinski M. Development and validation of a model of estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991;13:933–949
  26. Psychological Corporation. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace; 1997;
  27. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Smith GE, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC. Neuropsychological test's norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT-R reading, AMNART, Stroop, TMT and JLO. Clin Neuropsychol. 1996;10:262–278
  28. Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH. Delis-Kaplan D-KEFS executive function system. The Psychological Corporation. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace; 2001;
  29. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Smith GE, et al. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clin Neuropsychol. 1992;6:83–104
  30. Lucas JA, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, et al. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: category fluency norms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20:1–7
  31. Heaton RK, Grant I, Matthews CG. Comprehensive Norms for an Expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographic Corrections, Research Findings and Applications. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991;
  32. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck Depression Inventory II. The Psychological Corporation. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace; 1996;
  33. Chelune G, Naugle RI, Luders H, et al. Individual change after epilepsy surgery: practice effects and base-rate information. Neuropsychology. 1993;7:41–52
  34. Jacobson NS, Truax P. Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59:12–19
  35. Mussack T, Biberthaler P, Geisenberger T, et al. Assessment of early brain damage in carotid endarterectomy: evaluation of S-100B serum levels and somatosensory evoked potentials in a pilot study. World J Surg. 2002;26:1251–1255
  36. Di Legge S, Di Piero V, Di Stani F, et al. Carotid endarterectomy and gliofibrillar S100b protein release. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:351–356
  37. Sahlein DH, Heyer EJ, Rampersad A, et al. Failure of intraoperative jugular bulb S-100B and neuron-specific enolase sampling to predict cognitive injury after carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:1243–1249
  38. Kapural M, Krizanac-Bengez LJ, Barnett G, et al. Serum S-100beta as a possible marker of blood–brain barrier disruption. Brain Res. 2002;940:102–104
  39. Hemmingsen R, Mejsholm B, Vorstrup S, Lester J, Engell HC, Boysen G. Carotid surgery, cognitive function, and cerebral blood flow in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Ann Neurol. 1986;20:13–19
  40. Casey JE, Ferguson GG, Kimura D, Hachinski VC. Neuropsychological improvement versus practice effect following unilateral carotid endarterectomy in patients without stroke. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1989;11:461–470

 Presented at the 19th Annual Scientific Session of the Florida Vascular Society, Miami, FL, April 27-30, 2006.

PII: S0890-5096(08)00125-8

doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008.01.013

Annals of Vascular Surgery
Volume 22, Issue 4 , Pages 497-504 , July 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution