Vein Wall Remodeling after Deep Vein Thrombosis: Differential Effects of Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Doxycycline

Background

Venous thrombus resolution sets up an early intense inflammatory reaction, from which vein wall damage results. Tissue response to injury includes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and extracellular matrix protein turnover. This study sought to determine the effect of exogenous MMP inhibition and its potential attenuation of early vein wall injury.

Methods

Rats received treatment beginning 24 hr after a stasis venous thrombosis by near occlusive ligation and until harvest at day 7. Three groups were evaluated: (1) vehicle saline controls (NaCl), (2) low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; Lovenox, 3 mg/kg daily SQ), and (3) doxycycline (DOXY, 30 mg/kg daily PO). Thrombus size (mg/mm), levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) and D-dimer by colorimetric assay, and monocytes counts by immunohistochemistry were assessed. Vein wall assessment included stiffness by tensiometry, interleukin 1β (IL-1 β protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, MMP2 and -9 by zymography, and histological analysis of intimal thickness (IT). Comparisons were by t-test to control. p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Thrombus sizes were similar at days 2 and 7 for all three groups, while thrombus TNFα was increased in 2-day LMWH- and DOXY-treated groups (NaCl = 1.0 ± 0.8, LWMH = 9 ± 3, DOXY = 27 ± 5 pg/mg protein, n = 6-8, p < 0.05) and at 7 days in the DOXY group (NaCl = 3.0 ± 2.5, DOXY = 23 ± 4.2 pg/mg protein, n = 5, p < 0.05). Vein wall stiffness at 7 days was less with LMWH treatment, but not with DOXY, compared to controls (NaCl = 0.33 ± 0.05, LMWH = 0.17 ± 0.03, DOXY = 0.43 ± 0.09 N/mm, n = 5-7, p < 0.05). Vessel-wall IL-1 β was reduced only in the DOXY group at 7 days (NaCl = 26 ± 3, LMWH = 38 ± 17, DOXY = 6 ± 3 pg/mg protein, n = 4-6, p < 0.05), as was the IT score versus controls (NaCl = 2.2 ± 0.6, LMWH =1.7 ± 0.3, DOXY = 0.8 ± 0.20, n = 4-6, p < 0.05). Zymographic MMP9 activity was significantly reduced at 2 days in the LMWH and DOXY groups (NaCl = 85 ± 24, LMWH = 23 ± 7^∗, DOXY = 13 ± 5 U/mg protein, n = 6-8, p < 0.05). MMP2 zymographic activity, thrombus monocyte cell counts, and D-dimer activity were not significantly different across groups.

Conclusion

Treatment with LMWH or DOXY did not alter the size of deep vein thrombosis, mildly altered thrombus composition, and differentially affected vein wall injury, despite similar reductions in early MMP9 activity. Whether exogenous MMP inhibition affects long-term vein wall fibrosis will require further study.